Effective Hr Strategies Of Bill Gates - 2113 Words

The Effective HR Strategies of Bill Gates Yelena Vassilenko Berkeley College Background Bill Gates - the richest man in the world, a computer magnate, founder and owner of Microsoft. He created his first computer program at the age of 13. He loves cars, motor boats and playing poker. He never ate at home because he did not want to waste time on cooking. Bill Gates was born on October 28, 1955 in Seattle, Washington, USA. He was the first child and only son of a famous lawyer. This modest, even shy and slightly awkward child dreamed of becoming a professor of mathematics and was not at all like his father - a high, handsome, successful lawyer. Despite the unique abilities in mathematics and logic, Bill Gates did not show leadership†¦show more content†¦At 17, he received an offer to writing software package in the distribution of the energy Bonneville Dam. Following the family tradition, Bill Gates went to Harvard, intending to become a lawyer like his father. But he was still the same closed and uncommunicative, which is absolutely not appropriate for the profession. He rarely attended student parties, only his close friend Steve Ballmer, who will become president of Microsoft. Personal Motivation In December 1974, Bill Gates saw a computer for $ 397. The only thing was missing was the machine software. Paul Allen tried to persuade Bill to open his own company to develop software, but Bill was in no hurry to leave school. And the only way out of the market the first home computer available to consumers under the name Altair 8800, prompting him to listen to a friend s advice. Bill Gates and Allen contacted representatives of the company MITS, offering them software (version BASIC) for their computer Altair 8800. This variant arranged managers who offer young people to work on writing a programming language. The couple moved to New Mexico, where he began the history of Microsoft. The first five Microsoft customers have gone bankrupt, but the guys did not give up and in 1979 returned to Seattle. In fact, Bill Gates, was expelled from the university for truancy and academic failure, but this fact is not very upset woe-student because he received an offer from IBM to create an

School Of Humanities And Communication Arts - 1126 Words

Assignment Cover Sheet School of Humanities and Communication Arts Student Name Samson Kocholatharayil James Student Number 17455451 Unit Name and Number 101295 - Aesthetics Tutorial Group Thursday 1pm - 2pm Tutorial Day and Time Thursday 1pm - 2pm Session / Semester Spring 2014 Lecturer/Tutor Michael Symonds Title of Assignment Assessment 1 Length 1,500 Due Date 8th September 2014 Date Submitted 8th September 2014 Campus Enrolment Bankstown DECLARATION I hold a copy of this assignment if the original is lost or damaged. ï  ± I hereby certify that no part of this assignment or product has been copied from any other student’s work or from any other source except where due acknowledgement is made in the assignment. ï  ± No part of the assignment/product has been written/produced for me by any other person except where collaboration has been authorised by the subject lecturer/tutor concerned. ï  ± I am aware that this work may be reproduced and submitted to plagiarism detection software programs for the purpose of detecting possible plagiarism (which may retain a copy on its database for future plagiarism checking) Signature: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Note: An examiner or lecturer/tutor has the right not to mark this assignment if the above declaration has not been signed) Explain the following quote from Kant: ‘Beautiful is what, without a concept, is liked universally.’ (p37 of the Reader) In the exposition of the beautiful that Immanuel Kant offers in hisShow MoreRelatedUniversity of Phoenix-Birmingham721 Words   |  3 Pages University of Phoenix - Birmingham School of Business - Business and Management Degrees Headquartered in Phoenix, Arizona, the University of Phoenix was founded in 1976 and now has locations world-wide offering a variety of online degree programs. 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Which ethical principle is most prominent in your belief system Autonomy or Fidelity Free Essays

Autonomy and fidelity are both applied in my life. I am a kind of person who has strong principle in life and not easily persuade by outside forces; thus, I am also extremely faithful to what I do. However, as fidelity being describe as truthful, I would say that fidelity is more prominent in my belief system. We will write a custom essay sample on Which ethical principle is most prominent in your belief system Autonomy or Fidelity? or any similar topic only for you Order Now I am very truthful in everything I do. I cherish things with all my heart. I believe that there is no autonomy when an individual does not believe in fidelity. Fidelity should come first before you will become autonomous. The individual’s principles should be strengthened with truth so that no matter how society persuade an individual to do a thing which he believe is not right, he can hold fast to what he believes in and that’s how being autonomous become visible and displayed. In addition, I believe that fidelity is not just important in relationships and friendships but also a superb requirement in serving and treating others as an act of showing love and concern. Fidelity motivates me to do what is right in the sight of our Creator and in the sight of men. It helps me not to be partial with my dealings with other people but with genuine intentions. It gives me, too, a motivation not to betray the trust of other people especially those who are so dear in my heart. Moreover, most people nowadays are having the hard time in facing their own feelings. I must say that I am a kind of an individual who does not run away from the truth. I have the courage and strength to face the reality because that is what fidelity has taught me. How to cite Which ethical principle is most prominent in your belief system Autonomy or Fidelity?, Papers

Construal Instructions and Professional Skepticism †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Construal Instructions and Professional Skepticism. Answer: Introduction Auditing is considered as one of the major aspects for the business organizations in todays world. Auditing refers to the process of inspecting the financial statements of the companies in order to be ensured that they are free from material misstatements (William Jr, Glover and Prawitt 2016). At the time of performing the audit operations, it is required for the auditors to comply with all the required ethical principles. In this process, International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants, commonly known as IESBA, plays an integral part. IESBA is an independent body to set standards of ethics for the accountants and auditors. IESBA sets different robust accounting and auditing standards related with ethical standards, auditor independence and others. It is the prime responsibility of the auditors to comply with all the principles and standards of IESBA. According to IESBA, it is not the only responsibility of the auditors to satisfy the needs of the audit clients, but it is also t heir responsibility act in the public iterates (ethicsboard.org 2018). The main aim of this report is to analyze and evaluate the roles and functions of IESBA. The above discussion provides a short description of IESBA. Now, it needs to be mentioned that IESBA has some specific roles and functions. The main role of IESBA involves in the development and issuance of high quality of ethical standards for the public interest and the other pronouncements for the use of the accountants all over the world (ethicsboard.org 2018). The code of Ethics for Professional Accountants and Interpretation of IESBA can be applied to all the accounting professionals all over the world irrespective of any industry as the codes of IESBA serve as a foundation of ethics for the accountants. It is the regulatory obligation on all the business entities under IFAC not to apply less stringent standards than the ethical standards of IESBA (ethicsboard.org 2018). At the time of the development of ethical standards for the accountants, IESBA needs to follow a rigorous due process. The first standard is research and consolation. The task force of IESBA is required to unde rtake appropriate research and consultation process for proposing the draft standards. The next process is transparent debate, as it is required to present the proposed agenda as a form of discussion and debate. The next process is the exposure for public comment (ethicsboard.org 2018). IESBA is to required to present the proposed draft for public comment. After that, it is the role of the project task force of IESBA to consider the comments and suggestions in order to develop the final ethical standards. In the last process, the final exposure draft needs to be approved (ethicsboard.org 2018). Apart from the above, one of the major functions of IESBA is the periodical issue of revised stases for ethics in accounting. For example, in the year of 2010, IESBA did issue a revised Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants to be effective from the date of 1 January 2011 (ethicsboard.org 2018). Apart from this, the issuance of a revised principle-based definition about the constitution of work can be seen from the committee of IESBA. Thus, it can be said that development of principle-based definition is another major function of IESBA. Most importantly, the convergence of international and national ethical standards is a high priority to IESBA. It is also the role of IESBA to make the accountants all over the world to comply with five major ethical principles; they are integrity, objectivity, professional competence and due care, confidentiality and professional behavior (ethicsboard.org 2018). From the provided situation, it can be seen that the auditor has undue financial dependence on an audit client. This particular situation leads to the financial dependency or interest of the auditor on the property of the audit client. Thus, this particular situation creates the self-interest threat of audit independence due to the presence of financial dependence (Tepalagul and Lin 2015). The main consequence of this threat to the audit profession is the generation of biased audit opinion or the generation of audit opinion in the favor of the audit clients. Moreover, this action will breach the IESBA ethical principles of auditing (Sarkar and Sarkar 2012). There are some specific safeguards available for this particular situation. As the most important part of the safeguard, the audit company needs to ensure that the audit member having undue financial dependence on the audit client does not perform the auditing services further. Apart from this, it is required for the audit firm to place proper policies and procedures in order to make it sure that the members of the audit team do not assume any responsibility of the audit team (Tepalagul and Lin 2015). The auditors all over the world have the regulatory obligation not to have any kind of financial or other interests on the property of the audit clients that can influence the audit judgment as it can create the self-interest threat of audits independence (Chi, Douthett Jr, and Lisic 2012). However, in the provided situation, it can be observed that the audit partner or staffs have financial interest in the audit client. Thus, this particular situation has created the self-interest threat of audit independence. In this particular situation, it will not be possible for the auditor to conduct the audit operation of the company in a bias-free manner. The main reason is the influence of financial interest on the audit judgment. Moreover, in the presence of financial interest, the audit judgment will have negative influence and will not convey the correct financial position of the company (Onwuchekwa, Erah and Izedonmi 2012). In order to reduce the level of this particular threat, it is recommended to the audit firm to discontinue the audit operation of the involved audit staff from the audit client. Apart from this, the audit firm is also recommended to implement effective governing system so that this type of situation does not occur in the future (Tepalagul and Lin 2015). The provided situation indicates towards the presence family ties or close relationships between the firms, its partners and the staff of the audit team. According to the audit regulations, the staffs and members of the audit team should not have any long or close relationships with the audit client as it can affect the audit judgment. Non-compliance with this regulation creates familiarity threat of auditing (Ojo 2013). Thus, it can be observed that the provided situation creates the familiarity threat of audit independence. The major consequence of this situation is the breach of the ethical principles of IESBA for the accounting profession as the staffs of the audit team have not complied with the ethical standards and principles. After that, the breach of the ethical principles of IESBA leads to the development of influenced or biased audit opinion in the favor of the audit client (Onwuchekwa, Erah and Izedonmi 2012). As a major way of safeguard, the audit firm is required to assign new experienced audit members for the audit operations. At the same time, the company is recommended to assign a separate chartered accountant for reviewing the work of the audit team. He/she will report to the audit firm in case any negative aspect is found (Onwuchekwa, Erah and Izedonmi 2012). According to the auditing regulation, the auditors are prohibited from providing any kind of non-audit services to the audit clients like bookkeeping services, design and implementation of financial information system and many other services. In the provided situation, it can be seen that the audit firm uses to provide different kinds of non-audit services to the audit client. Thus, this situation states that the audit firm has not complied with the relevant laws and regulation of audit professional (Bowlin, Hobson and Piercey 2015). For this reason, this particular situation creates the treat of the violation of professional behavior of the auditors. In this case, the main consequence of this particular threat is the breach of the ethical principle of IESBA for the accountants and the auditors. This particular aspect leads to the violation of audit reporting principles. In the presence of influence or conflict of interest, the audit opinion will not be biasfree or influence free (Hurtt et al. 2013). As a process to implement safeguard, it is recommended to the audit firm to stop providing non-audit services to the audit client as it is against the audit regulation. At the same time, it is suggested to the audit firm to implement effective corporate governance regulations so that this type can be avoided in the near future. Most importantly, the auditors are advised to comply with the auditing professional standards (Bowlin, Hobson and Piercey 2015). From the provided situation, it can be seen that the audit firm has been providing the audit client with the services of external audit for many years. There has been raising concern related with the independence of the auditors due to the longstanding relation with the audit client. There is a possibility that the auditors can lose professional skepticism and objectivity due to the long relationship with the audit client. For this reason, this particular situation can create the risk of audit failure (Peytcheva 2013). The presence of longstanding relationship between the audit client and the audit firm can lead to the development of biased audit judgment. At the same time, this particular threat degrades the audit profession, as the auditors will have difficulties in conducting different audit opinion (Popova 2012). After consideration of the threat, it is recommended to the audit firm to rotate the audit staffs on a regular interval. Due to this process, there will be less chances of the influence of audit opinion by the audit staffs. At the same time, the auditors are required to comply with the required audit rules and regulations so that there is less chance of audit failure (Rasso 2015). Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be observed that ethical principles have an integral role to play in the success of the audit operations as they help in the gyration of correct and biasfree audit opinion. The above discussion states that IESBA is an independent body responsible for the setting of ethical standards in the auditing process. The study states that the main role of IESBA is the development of high quality ethical standard of auditing. Apart from this, from the analysis of the provided situations indicates that there are different kinds of threat in the audit process along with some major consequences. At the same time, some major safeguards are there of these threats. According to the above discussion, some major threats in auditing are self-interest threat, familiarity threat, professional skepticism threat, threat related to the breach of professional behavior and others. One common consequence of these threats on the audit process is the non-delivery of true audit op inion. Some major safeguards are audit staff rotation, compliance with the ethical standards and others. References Bowlin, K.O., Hobson, J.L. and Piercey, M.D., 2015. The effects of auditor rotation, professional skepticism, and interactions with managers on audit quality.The Accounting Review,90(4), pp.1363-1393. Chi, W., Douthett Jr, E.B. and Lisic, L.L., 2012. Client importance and audit partner independence.Journal of Accounting and Public Policy,31(3), pp.320-336. Ethicsboard.org. (2018).About IESBA | IFAC. [online] Available at: https://www.ethicsboard.org/about-iesba [Accessed 21 Mar. 2018]. Hurtt, R.K., Brown-Liburd, H., Earley, C.E. and Krishnamoorthy, G., 2013. Research on auditor professional skepticism: Literature synthesis and opportunities for future research.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,32(sp1), pp.45-97. IESBA | Ethics | Accounting | IFAC. (2018).Ethicsboard.org. Retrieved 21 March 2018, from https://www.ethicsboard.org/ Ojo, M., 2013. Audits, audit quality and signalling mechanisms: concentrated ownership structures. Onwuchekwa, J.C., Erah, D. and Izedonmi, F., 2012. Mandatory audit rotation and audit independence: Survey of Southern Nigeria.Research Journal of Finance and Accounting,3(7), pp.78-85. Onwuchekwa, J.C., Erah, D.O. and Izedonmi, F., 2012. Mandatory audit rotation and audit quality: Survey of Southern Nigeria.Research Journal of Finance and Accounting,3(8), pp.70-77. Peytcheva, M., 2013. Professional skepticism and auditor cognitive performance in a hypothesis-testing task.Managerial Auditing Journal,29(1), pp.27-49. Popova, V., 2012. Exploration of skepticism, client-specific experiences, and audit judgments.Managerial Auditing Journal,28(2), pp.140-160. Rasso, J.T., 2015. Construal instructions and professional skepticism in evaluating complex estimates.Accounting, Organizations and Society,46, pp.44-55. Sarkar, J. and Sarkar, S., 2012. Auditor and audit committee independence in India. Tepalagul, N. and Lin, L., 2015. Auditor independence and audit quality: A literature review.Journal of Accounting, Auditing Finance,30(1), pp.101-121. William Jr, M., Glover, S. and Prawitt, D., 2016.Auditing and assurance services: A systematic approach. McGraw-Hill Education.

3 Crazy Interview Questions and How to Prepare for Them

3 Crazy Interview Questions and How to Prepare for Them Are you prepared for any odd questions an interviewer may throw your way? Career marketing is at its height as hiring managers search for new means to find the right candidate for the job. Whether it’s social media, such as behemoth career networking site LinkedIn, or traditional recruiting, the world of human resources is changing. And so must those searching for the right fit.Recently, major companies such as Dropbox, Google, Dell, and Apple have started polishing its interview policies. Gone are the days where hiring managers only asked questions about experience, skills, education, and job readiness. Now they mix in a little craziness just to shake the candidate and see where their mind is. Here are a few examples of crazy interview questions and why employers ask them.Shipwrecked with ChoicesIf you were shipwrecked on a deserted island and had to choose from three people to help you, who would you choose. You can choose from ten people: the lawyer, the doctor, the carpent er, the ship’s captain, the politician, the high school teacher, the cook, the scientist, the soldier and the policeman.This question may seem silly at first, but it tells the hiring manager about the candidate’s ability to adapt and their overall drive and personality. For example, if the person chooses the high school teacher, doctor, and carpenter, it would suggest they are planning to rebuild and start a new society. This shows the hiring manager the person is capable of bouncing back from a situation.On the other hand, suppose the candidate chooses the ship’s captain, lawyer, and carpenter. This shows a strong inclination the person values strong leadership over individual talents. But the ultimate scenario desired is the candidate who chooses the carpenter, the ship’s captain, and the soldier. This shows they are planning to get off the island and turn lemons into lemonade.Extra CargoIf you were asked to unload a Boeing 747 full of jelly beans, what would you do first?This question gauges the candidate’s ability to think outside of the box. A person who answers that would ask for help shows a strong inclination to team building. Some would say they would schedule time to unload the pile more efficiently. According to Bose, one of the most popular answers indicated the person’s creativity, compassion towards others, and ability to solve problems on the spot. The person who received the highest praise said they would open the belly of the plane and dump the entire contents on a poor, starving country.Others said they would order the cargo staff to unload the plane, while one even attempted to hide the beans. Whatever the answer, employers learned whether the candidate was able to make solid decisions on the spot or whether they could excel in a fast-paced atmosphere.Clash of TitansWho would win in a fight between Superman and Batman?While this is the age-old question of comic book geeks everywhere, this simple ques tion also shows the thought process behind answering strange questions. First Superman is super strong, able to fly, has heat vision and blizzard breath, and is virtually indestructible. On the other hand, while Batman is strong and fast, he is nowhere near as strong or fast as Superman. But Batman does have superior fighting skills, a utility belt full of dangerous surprises, and the cunning and wit of the best insane criminal.One candidate said Batman’s alter-ego, billionaire Bruce Wayne, has enough money to buy kryptonite and create a weapon to wound or even kill Superman. This shows the job seeker as an individual who doesn’t give up until they have found a solution to a serious, unsolvable problem. This out of the box thinking is what helps these candidates succeed.Get ready for the hard QuestionsHow can a candidate prepare themselves for these type of questions? Simple answer is there is no way to prepare for the unknown. It’s how you work with the informa tion that’s important. The following do’s and don’ts will help candidates make the best choice and win the job.Do:Take time to understand what they are asking.Ask questions to see if more information is available.Consider the outcomes.Don’t:Overthink the question.Go for the obvious answer.Say you don’t know.No matter what the question, hiring managers have learned these often silly and strange questions cause candidates to use brain power they normally wouldn’t exhibit. Any interviewer can ask them to solve a problem in their specialty, but what does that prove? Asking questions that force candidates in an uncomfortable and impossible situation brings out their true abilities and skills.Note: this article was originally published on TopResume.TopResume is a Talent Inc. company, the personal branding destination for all career-driven professionals. Through our extensive network of professional writers, we offer career advice and analyze and w rite more resumes and LinkedIn profiles than any other service in the world. Ready to get started? Request a free resume critique today.

Cause and Effect of Exercise Essay Example

Cause and Effect of Exercise Essay Example Cause and Effect of Exercise Essay Cause and Effect of Exercise Essay Essay Topic: Cause and Effect Exercise will have a huge impact in your life mainly because it improves your mood, weight loss, and you become healthier. First, while exercise improves your confidence, it also improves your mood. Improving you confidence is a huge plus to exercising because it shapes up your body and you also have a better complexion. I think you become less shy and more outgoing. With confidence you’ll do better in school and do great in any job interview. Working-out lets go any anger you have built up, it’s like a stress reliever. It’s proven to fight depression because it increases serotonin and it gets you in a better mood. When I go for my walks every night, I feel relaxed and nothing can bother me, which also helps me sleep better. When you feel better inside and out, surely you won’t have any fear to conquer anything. Second, while it improves your body shape, mainly you lose weight. Being in better shape, some tasks are easier for you, like simply going for a walk. It’s easier to go shopping because there’s more clothing stores for women that are thinner then there is for an overweight woman. You feel better about yourself, which is very important. Some people like to meditate or listen to music when they want to relax, but with exercising, while you are not only calming yourself, but also achieving your goals to a better and healthier life. Exercise, is a healthy way to lose weight. With a good portioned eating habit and daily work out you lose unwanted fat. People lose weight for numerous reasons. Some want changes in their life and are tired of carrying extra weight around or do it for health reasons. Whatever the reason may be, exercise can help you drop weight faster. Lastly, while not only does exercise give you energy, but it also helps you be a healthier person. Starting out, your energy levels are low and you’ll feel tired, but maintaining it every day you boost up your energy. Having the energy for everyday life is very much needed. You don’t need to depend on any caffeine, but it’s more of natural way to boost up your energy. In my case, when I have a chance to work out, I have more energy to do my homework, rather than being sleepy and tired most of the time. When you eat right and exercise you have less risk of heart disease, you have a better immune system, lowers blood pressure, and many other reasons. The United States is the top of the list of obesity. Why have extra weight, when it causes some many health risks? You can find great ways to exercise and actually enjoy them at the same time. You can start off easy by just going for walk and end up running, Another good way to lose weight is dancing. It’s fun and you forget your doing it for weight loss. New games these days incorporate physically activity, like Wii sports. There’s no excuse to not have some kind of workout. In conclusion, exercise is great for improving your mood, getting in better shape, and being a healthier person.

Nonverbal Communication and Ray Birdwhistell in Ethnographic Films Essay

Nonverbal Communication and Ray Birdwhistell in Ethnographic Films - Essay Example According to ethnographic films, presentation of nonverbal communication may have different meaning to the students. There are student having the difficult while hearing while others are not in a position of interpreting the signs. There teachers should be in a position of distinguishing the nature and type of the signs depending with the environment. Some schools are specialized with the sign teaching to student while others major with the verbal for normal students. During the mixture of the students, the lecturer should also employ the use of the signs and facial expression more than the talking. The ethnographic films addresses some of the issues covering the ethnographic tools that are applied in nonverbal communication. These includes body signs such as facial expression and sign languages. The most important issues are connected to the relationship of the lecturer and their students in school context and how they impact on the education. Therefore, ethnographic films aims in p resentation of the appropriate approach that are essential in the development of the body language especially through nonverbal communication approach. There are student whom have challenges in speaking and were normal previously and other students whom have no challenges in speaking, leads the lecturer to have a good understanding of appropriate expressions that would accommodate the two groups. The issues that are supposed to be considered while lecturing are directly to the understanding of the students and expression of the feelings.

Advanced Computer Architecture Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Advanced Computer Architecture - Assignment Example Multiprocessing tasks carry two simultaneous steps, one being performing the task of editing and the other is the handling of the data processing. A multiprocessor device over a single semiconductor chips a plurality of processors including a first group of processors and the second group of processors. The first bus is one to which first group of processors is coupled while the second external bus is the one to which the second bus is coupled. This term is also used to refer to a computer that has many independent processing elements. Processing elements are nearly full computers in their own right. The main contrast is that they have been freed from the encumbrance of communication with peripherals (El-Rewini and Abd-El-Barr, 2005). The processors are made of small and medium scale ICs which usually contains a less or large number of transistors. The multiprocessors involve computer architecture most common multiprocessor systems today use SMP architecture. In this scenario of multicore processors, the SMP architecture applies to the nuclei, handling them as separate processors. SMP systems permit any processor to labour on any task no matter where the data for the task are located in memory; with proper operating systems can easily move tasks between processors to balance the work load efficiently (Stallings, 2013). Multiprocessing in terms of architecture has some benefits like increased processing power, scale resource use of application requirements and also some additional operating system responsibilities such as, all processors remain busy, they work on consistent copies of shared data, execution of related processes synchronized and mutual exclusion is enforced. Multiprocessing is a processing type in which two or more processors work together to process more than one program simultaneously. Multiprocessor systems have more than one processor and that’s

Current events about a clinic in China infected kids with Hepatitis Essay

Current events about a clinic in China infected kids with Hepatitis - Essay Example The province of Henan is known for such outbreaks and in the year 1990 it was hit by blood transfusions ,which were tainted and schemes of unsanitary blood plasma-buying that accelerated the HIV infection in that province. The practitioners in that province were reported to use dirty needles most often and the individuals who sold plasma received replenishment from blood pool supply. According to the global times paper, the Anhui province health officials gave disturbing reports concerning the outbreak in Henan which indicated that more than 56 patients had been infected with the outbreak disease(hepatitis C) from the private clinic. An investigation by the CDC(Centre For Disease Control) indicate that the infection acquired by patients at the Miaoqian private Clinic was caused by the doctors reusing needles to give shots to different patients. The astonishing beat of the story is that all the victims of the outbreak are from Anhui because the province borders Henan and the clinic is strategically situated for the service of both the two provinces. Another report showed that investigators from the health sectors were surveying 16 other local villages to ascertain whether a larger number of people more than the reported had been infected. The Patients of the outbreak were undergoing treatment at the hospital called Guoyang Peoples. However, the information that was not reported was if the Miaoqian private Clinic was still operational or had already been shut down. No number of arrests had been reported to be made either. (Associated Press, 2011) The Chinese government is promoting the small-scale private clinics and hospitals as part or contributor of a health care overhaul, which is aimed at making the healthcare services available, and accessible to more population and reduce the pressure on the badly overcrowded government or public hospitals. The fact that the china population has

Developing Consumerism through Design

Developing Consumerism through Design Consumerism All over the place, from the popular culture to the propaganda system, there is constant pressure to make people feel that they are helpless, that the only role they can have is to ratify decisions and to consume. Consumerism is a way of life and an ideology which is developed further by mass phenomenon. In Singapore, consumerism has become very much a way of life with the popular Great Singapore Sale, major IT Exhibitions, perpetual discounts in most retail outlets nations wide and many delicious restaurants with culture involved. Thus, it is important for us to recognize the value of consumerism that is within and around us. People are consuming in different aspects, and Food Beverage is taking a big part in the society. However, people need to consume, people consume also because of the thousands of designed space which attract them to go and explore more for their life. In another word, consumerism is becoming design driven. According to dictionary, the meaning of consumerism is that the movement seeking to protect and inform consumers by requiring such practices as honest packaging and advertising, product guarantees, and improved safety standards; the theory that a progressively greater consumption of goods is economically beneficial; and attachment to materialistic values or possessions: deplored the rampant consumerism of contemporary society. Consumerism is known as an action where people purchase goods, which are more than necessary for their lives, but it can affect more than buying habits and personal and family life. Sometimes, it may even make people less aware of their own emotional reactions, as they seek to buy yet another item that will distract them. On the other hand, consumerism also keeps people up-to-date and modern as consumerism globalized. In fact, consumerism has been around human civilization at the first place. It had a great turn in consumerism arrived just before the Industrial Revolution. In 21st century, consumerism is one of the arguments of scientists, and researchers, they try to find out how and why do people waste money in such expensive things, such as clothing, electronic items, cars, technological devices etc. One of many reasons that makes consumer spend lots of money for their consumption is advertisement. According to research, Billions of companies throw their commercials into market as many ways as they can. They will show their brand names on TV, magazines, in movie theaters, malls etc. To attract consumer, companies have million ways to entice people by advertising. If a company wants people know about its name or products, they then try to make an attractive poster or a nice page in magazine to advertise their products to the public. Containing a nice explicit picture and attractive colors, the poster is made to send an implicit message -the key- to consumers; this key convinces people to buy products. This has become a trend internationally. Indeed, a company advertised themselves is a way of designing themselves looks better and sounds greater to sell the product. From a design perspective, will a good design bring more consumers to the place? The answer is definitely yes. Designing a place is designing an experience, and how to leave people with a memory. It is the atmosphere that provides for the customers, which has a significant impact on them, and make them want to come back and hang out. Moreover, consumerism is not only happened in the fashion world as motioned before, Consumerism is also applied for other industries as well. For Singapore, tourism and food beverage are the most important industry which makes the income for the whole country. Food beverage industry is the basic needs for people, how good the basic industry is, and it reflects how well the country has developed. In another world, the fundamental shows all. However, food beverage is not lonely the food and drinks, it is a place where provides the feel of gathering; the atmosphere and the environment which design dress them up together. For some of Singaporeans, they consume on food beverage as a lifestyle to eat fine food at well designed restaurants. Based on research from Singapore Tourism Board, the busy life that Singaporeans have, the among of tourists come to Singapore keep growing year by year and the mixed culture background, all of these determine that there is a demand to open more fine dining restaurants. Singapore especially has a strong influence of western culture, the percentage of Singaporeans who drink wine has grown over 214 present during last 10 years, so that it is a potential to open a wine shop here as well. . As a result, the proposal for the Utopia project is to design a wine appreciation club and fine dining restaurant which aims to add on more value to the Singapore society, to adopt a wine culture to Singaporeans. According to the chosen site at South beach building which is located at the CBD area, the target market would be businessmen, tourists and local Singaporeans. The design intention is to create a space which carries the knowledge about the wine culture, the process of making wine and history of wine etc. The design concept is based on the process of making wine, the three key steps are harvest, crushing and ageing. The idea behind these three key words is that: harvest is a place to gather people and collection of grapes, it will become the reception and welcoming place at first when people get into the space; following by the crushing step, it is translated to the whole design language of the entire space, after reaching welcoming space, the crushing step forms a wine process gallery, normally, a gallery should be open and big space, yet in this case, in order to feel more about the crushing step of winemaking process, the space is designed to be narrow and low-volume space; Now ageing, this key word is designed as a journey in the space, why? The reason is ageing is a matter of time, a space that is changing or transforming like the wine making process, from grapes to wine, form sugar to alcohol; As people walking in the space, the space is able to speak and lead people through the designed journey. The space will be changing in term of volume, proportion, scale, lighting and different materials of the space. Through designing the space to bring peoples attention and draw people into the place to purchase and enjoy, it is a way of consumerism. Indeed, consumers come to the place not only to dine, but to also engage with new things, to experience the space, to add on value to them, to spend time with friends in the atmosphere of wine knowledge. Leave a wonderful memory to the consumers.

Strategies of a Non-Native Translator :: Free Essays Online

Strategies of a Non-Native Translator Non-native speakers of the target language are strongly discouraged from translating literature. I believe this is a very sensible recommendation, for regardless of individual abilities, it is often the case that the texts translated by such translators do not flow well. To be more exact, when I read translated works by non-native speakers, including my own, I often detect a matter-of-fact, straightforward tone, rather too serious, if not downright annoying to read, instead of the subtleties and elegance of the flow exhibited by many native translators. Of course, there are not only disadvantages in being a non-native translator. The non-native translator may grasp the original text better than the native translator, and be more aware of cultural and social implications hidden in the text. However, the main issue is the output. How do you transform the original text into its equivalent in the target language? I have been working as a freelance translator, of both literary and non-lit erary works, for the past 10 years, but this question hangs over me every time I begin to translate. I ventured into this unattainable arena, fully aware of the problems I faced. At first, there was something about challenging the impossible, but I also believed there was still a need for translators like myself in the field of translating Korean literature into English, for no other reason than that not much has been translated and there were not enough translators around to introduce Korean literature and culture to the world. I believe, though, that non-native speakers are at best transitional figures, who will fade into the shadows when more and more native speakers of English with good Korean language skills emerge. My goal is very modest by literary standards, but very ambitious for a non-native speaker. My goal is to render my translations as readable as possible. The best response I have ever received for my literary translation was that it was â€Å"very readable.† I was very pleased with that praise. I know that as a non-native translator I can never attain a highe r plateau. Once I attended a translation seminar in Korea, where most participants were Korean professors of foreign languages. They insisted that the importance of the act of the translation lies in introducing the unfamiliar to an audience, rather than making foreign literature readable. When I raised the question of stilted texts

Synthesis of Certain Derivatives of Schiffbases

Microbiological Studies A definitive diagnosis of tuberculosis can only be made my culturing Mycobacterium tuberculosis organisms from a specimen taken from the patient (Most often sputum, but may also include pus, cerebero spinal fluid (CSF)), biopsied tissue, etc. Sputum smears and cultures should be done for acid-fast bacilli. The preferred method for the identification is fluorescence microscopy which is more sensitive than conventional Ziehl- Neelson staining denoted by Steingart et al. , 2006 6. If sputum is not produced, specimens can be obtained by gastric washings, an laryngeal swab, bronchoscopy with broncho alveolar lavage or fine needle aspiration of a collection. A comparative study found that inducing three sputum samples is more sensitive than three gastric washings. Many types of culture media are available. Traditionally Lowenstein –Jensen (LJ), Kirchner or Middle Brook media (7H9, 7H10, 7H11 and 7H12) are used for cultivating of Mycobacterial species. A culture of the acid-fast bacilli distinguishes the various forms of Mycobacteria. New automated systems that are faster include BACTEC 460 TB, BACTEC 9000 and the Mycobacterial growth Indicator tube (MGIT). The microscopic observation drug susceptibility assay (MODS) culture may be faster and more accurate method. Drugs Used In Tuberculosis in the current scenario Active tuberculosis will kill about two of every three people affected if left untreated. Treated tuberculosis if taken up early has a mortality rate of less than 5%. The standard short course treatment for tuberculosis comprises of Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide and Ethambutol for two months, then Isoniazid and Rifampicin alone for a further four months. For latent tuberculosis, the standard treatment is six to nine months of Isoniazid alone. Drug regimens are abbreviated in a standardized manner. a). Streptomycin is STM or S b) Isoniazid is INH or H c) Rifampicin is RMP or R d) Ethambutol is EMB or E e) Pyrazinamide is PZA or Z. a)According to WHO norms, there are six classes of second line drugs that are used for the treatment of tuberculosis. A drug may be classified as second line instead of first line for one of two possible reasons; it may be less effective than the first line drugs or it may produce toxic side –effects. They are classified based on their chemical nucleus: Aminoglycosides – Amikacin and Kanamycin b)Polypeptides – Capreomycin c)Fluoroquinolones – Ciprofloxacin d)Thioamides – Ethionamide, Prothionamide and Cycloserine. e)Para-amino Salicylic acid. Tuberculosis has been treated by combination therapy over fifty years. Single drug treatment is ineffective and regimens that use only single drugs result in the rapid development of resistance and thus treatment results in failure. The rationale for using multiple drugs to treat tuberculosis is based on simple probability. The frequency of spontaneous mutations that confer resistance to an individual drug is well known: 1 in 10 7 for Ethambutol (EMB); 1 in 108 for streptomycin (STM) and Isoniazid (INH); 1 in 10 10 for Rifampicin (RMP). A patient with extensive pulmonary tuberculosis has approximately 10 12 bacteria in his body and therefore will probably be harbouring approximately 10 5 Ethambutol resistant bacteria, 10 4 Streptomycin resistant bacteria, 104 Isoniazid resistant bacteria and 102 Rifampicin resistant bacteria respectively. DOTS stands for ‘Directly Observed Therapy, Short – course’ and is a major plank in the WHO global tuberculosis eradication programme. The WHO advises that all tuberculosis patients should have atleast the first two months of their drug therapy should be observed with the aid of observer within that society. DOTS is used with intermittent dosing – Thrice weekly (Rifampicin, Isoniazid, Ethambutol and Pyrazinamide) or twice weekly. The relative incidence of major adverse effects has been carefully described . a)Isoniazid – Hepatitis, Neuropathy – 0. 49%. )Rifampicin – Skin rash, Thrombocytopenia and Hepatitis – 0. 43 % c)Pyrazinamide – Skin rash and Hepatitis – 1. 48 % d)Streptomycin – Vertigo – 0. 43 % Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR and XDR – TB) Multi Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is defined as tuberculosis that is resistant at least to Isoniazid and Rifampicin isolates. In the year 200 6 â€Å"Extensively- Drug Resistant Tuberculosis† (XDR-TB) has emerged and defined as multi drug resistant tuberculosis that is resistant to quinolones and also to any one of kanamycin, capreomycin or amikacin. A 1997 survey of 35 countries found that 2% of the tuberculosis populations are infected by drug – resistant tuberculosis. The highest rates were in USSR, The Baltic states, Argentina, India and China. In 2006, MDR –TB in New York city has been increased to 20-30%. Annual risk of mortality rates increases by 10-15%. There is currently an epidemic of XDR-TB in South Africa. The outbreak was first reported as a cluster of 53 patients in a rural hospital in Kwazulu –Natal of whom 52 died . The treatment and prognosis of MDR-TB are much more akin to that of cancer than to that for infection. In these aspects, molecular manipulation is a productive source of new drugs. This research work pertains to the modification of Schiff bases on isoniazid to explore the new drugs with a desire to obtain highly potent, more specific and less toxic drugs. In the foregoing literature retrieval, it had been observed that the drug design can be performed by molecular manipulation and resulting in new productive drugs. The biological study of natural products with medicinally useful property and some of the chemical structure and its analogs had furnished to lead compounds, and its variation in the biological behavior. The pre-existing tuberculosis had made a challenging effect of medicinal chemists resulting in the extreme drug resistance. The performance of molecular manipulation still existed in a major line approach for the discovery of new drug analogues. To synthesize a derivative, an intermediate step has to be performed and to proceed for the further molecular manipulation. Combination of two or more active moieties in to one is a common procedure of manipulation and this can be possibly result in augmenting the activity, removal of untoward side effects and particularly to prevent development of resistance by the infectious microorganisms. Abundant literature support were available with regard to the study of Schiff bases as potent antibacterial, antifungal, antihypertensive, antiviral and anticancer perspectives. Schiff bases were the intermediate for the synthesis of azetidine -2 & 4- ones, thiazolidine -2 & 4- ones, triazoles & tetrazoles. It was interesting to observe that some analogues of Schiff bases were combined with other moieties like phenothiazines,hydrazines and some hydrazide derivatives of carboxylic acid resulting in a better performance in their respective biological activities. Hence, it was our interest to associate the Schiff bases with the primary drug isoniazid. Since Isoniazid is a well known antitubercular drug. As a vast number of reports were been available regarding the antitubercular perspectives of the isoniazid, there is still lacuna existing in the study of Schiff bases in the multi drug and extremely drug resistant M. tb strains. This study will full fill the properties of Schiff bases relevant to the prevailing drug resistant tuberculosis. Biological activities of Schiff bases Schiff bases are of interest and its important moiety which is associated with biological activity. Initially, most of the research program has been conducted to explore the antimicrobial perspectives of Schiff base derivatives. Based on the intermediate Schiff base various molecular manipulation were attempted to investigate and discover an effective antibacterials, antifungals & antiviral agents. In this preview of literature the various activities of Schiff bases pertaining to antibacterial perspectives has been studied. 1. Hearn et. al. , 2003 7 performed enzymatic acylation of the antitubercular isoniazid (INH) by N-acetyl transferases reduces therapeutic effectiveness of the drug. Since it dealt with the major metabolic pathway for INH in human beings, many of these derivatives were prepared and screened against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the mice. They conclude the structural cogners of metabolites of INH may serve as significant leads in antitubercular drug discovery and in the exploration of the mode of action of INH. 2. Tarek Aboul – fadi et. al. , 2003 8 had synthesized N- alkyl derivative of INH and the Pharmacokinetic studies were been carried out in the bovine and sensitive strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The pharmacokinetic study revealed that the rate and extent absorption of the tested derivatives. They show relative bioavailability of 183. 15 and 443. 25 respectively. 3. Sultana et. al. , 2007 9 studied the synthesis of hydrazones. The study afforded to the hitherto unreported 1-(4-chloro benzylidene) – hydrazinophthalazine, 1- nitrobenzylidene hydrazine phthalazine. , 3-(4-Chlorophenyl) –S-Triazolo (3,4-a) phthalazine. These structures were confirmed by spectroscopic techniques – IR, UV, H-NMR, EIMS, FD & HRMS. Anti hypertensive activity were been evaluated. 4. Koussi and Abdel rahman. , 2006 10 illustrated certain novel Schiff bases of 4- methyl-1,2,4 –triazole -3-mercaptoacetic acid hydrazide were synthesized and their chemical identities were elucidated by elemental analyses. IR, H-NMR,13- C-NMR and mass spectral data. The percentage of the geometrical isomers was elucidated using the 1-H NMR. The synthesized compounds were selected for screening at the tuberculosis antimicrobial acquisition and co-ordination facility against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37RV strain in which they showed moderate activity at a concentration of 625 mg/mL. . Jiang et. al. , 2003 11 studied the series of chemically modified aryl- aldehyde Schiff bases has been synthesized and tested for their antioxidant activity and radiation protection. It was observed that disulfide –containing aryl –aldehyde schiff base exhibited potent free radical scavenging, antioxidation and radioprotective activities. 6. Pandeya et. al. ,1999 12 synthesized antib acterial, antifungal and anti human immunodeficiency virus activities of Schiff and Mannich bases derived from isatin derivatives and N – (4-(4’ chlorophenyl) thiazolyl thiosemi carbazide. Investigation of antimicrobial activity of compounds was done by agar dilution method. 7. Jayasekar et. al. , 1997 13 synthesized the Schiff bases of mesalazine and studied the anti inflammatory activity. The inhibition shows about 50-60% of the potency of the drug. In the present study, we had investigated certain Schiff base derivatives modified from isoniazid and it has screened for Extreme drug-resistant and Multidrug resistant tuberculosis strain procured from the patients suffering from tuberculosis. Bibilography: 1. Rothschild, B. , Martin, L. , Bercovier, L. G. , Gal, B. G. , Blatt, G. C. , Donoghue, H. , Spigelman, M and Brittain, D. Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNA from an extinct bison dated 17,000 years before the present. Clin. Infect. Dis. 30(3) : 305-311 ( 2001). 2. Pearce-Duvet, J. The origin of human pathogens evaluating the role of agriculture and domestic animals in the evolution of human disease. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. 31(3) : 369-382 (2006). 3. Koch, R. Die Aetiolgieder Tuberculosis. Berliner Klinsche Wochenschrift. 19 : 221-230 (1882). 4. Wells, A. Q. The Murine type of tubercle bacillus : Medical Research Council Special Report No. 259. HMSO, London (1946). 5. Mark Spigelman, 2008. Excavated Jericho Bones may help Israeli- Plaestinian – German team to combat tuberculosis. News release, Feb 29, (2008): 1-5. 6. Steingart,K. , Henry,M. , Pasval,G. , Avery,T. O and Lyall, W. H. Fluorescence versus conventional sputum smear microscopy for tuberculosis : a systematic review. Lancet. Infect. Dis. 6 : 570-571 (2006). 7. Michael J Hearn, Michael H Cynamon. Design and synthesis of antituberculars: preparation and evaluation against Mycobacterium tuberculosis of an isoniazid Schiff base. Journal of Anti Microb. Chemotherapy. 53(2):185-191 (2004). . Tarek Aboul-Fadl, Faragany Abdel-Hamid Mohammed, Ehsan Abdel-Saboor Hassan. Synthesis, antitubercular activity and pharmacokinetic studies of some Schiff bases derived from 1-alkylisatin and isonicotinic acid hydrazide (INH). ARCHIVES OF PHARMACAL RESEARCH , 26(10):778-784 ( 2003 ). 9. Sultana-N; Sarfaraz-TB; Nelofar-A; Hussain-SA. Potential antibacterial agents: Part VI â₠¬â€œ Synthesis and structure elucidation of schiff bases derived from hydralazine. Pak-J-Sci-Ind-Resch (Pakistan-Journal-of-Scientific-and-Industrial-Research); 50(3); 169-172 (2007). 10. El-Koussi-NA; Abdel-Rahman-HM . Novel 1,2,4-triazole-3-mercaptoacetic acid derivatives as potential antimycobacterial and antimicrobial agents. Bull-Pharm-Sci-Assiut-Univ (Bulletin-of-Pharmaceutical-Sciences); 29(Part 1); 127-136 (2006). 11. Jiang-JJ; Chang-TC; Hsu-WF; Hwang-JM; Hsu-LY. Synthesis and biological activity of sulfur-containing aryl-aldehyde Schiff bases. Chem-Pharm-Bull (Chemical-and-Pharmaceutical-Bulletin); 51(11); 1307-1310 (2003). 12. Pandeya-SN; Sriram-D; Nath-G; De-Clercq-E. Synthesis, antibacterial, antifungal and anti HIV activity of Schiff and Mannich bases of isatin with N-(6-chlorobenzothiazol-2-yl) thiosemicarbazide. Indian-J-Pharm-Sci (Indian-Journal-of-Pharmaceutical-Sciences); 61(6); 358-361 (1999). 13. Jayasekhar-P; Rao-SB; Santhakumari-G. Synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of Schiff bases of mesalazine. Indian-J-Pharm-Sci (Indian-Journal-of-Pharmaceutical-Sciences); 59(1); 8-12 (1997). 14. Mcomia ; Protective group in Organic chemistry. P-66. 15. Trivedi,P. , Undavia,N. K. ,Dave, A. M. , Bhatt,K. N and Desai ,N. C. Indian Journal of Chem . , Vol 32B(7) : 760-765 ( 1993). 16. Divakar, C. M and Nair, G. R. N. Antiulcer, antibacterial and spermicidal activities of Salanin. Indian Drugs. 38(2): 629-932 (2001).

Humans tend to be inquisitive by nature Essay Example

Humans tend to be inquisitive by nature Essay Example Humans tend to be inquisitive by nature Paper Humans tend to be inquisitive by nature Paper We tirelessly seek to know what we do not know and manipulate this gain in insight to aid us in further investigations. It is this strong desire that fuels studies in natural sciences as we attempt to provide explanations for the phenomenons we see. Similarly, the duty of historians does not stop at accounting events, they must also account for those events. Both of these fields require an individual to construct an description of what is perceived, and after applying logic to the situation, either a scientific or a historical explanation is to be formed, and this in turn serves as the model for human understanding of the world. Carriers of good explanations must be conscious of both the reality of the explanation as well as the audience he is conveying it to. In order for an explanation to be of value, it has to be withinin comprehension of the person seeking the answer. People living in the Sahara desert who have never seen ice before will be confounded when trying to grasp the idea of water solidifying. In this scenario, it would be inappropriate to explain to them the concept of ice using scientific terminology, they simply will not be able to understand. On the other hand, an explanation involving sand, cactuses and scorpions may cohere with their daily experience, yet it is not a solid explanation but merely fabrication. This constitutes the importance of both the reality and specificity of an explanation. A student who has been caught plagiarizing might answer to the teachers accusations It is much easier than to actual write a paper on your own. Not, for the teachers purposes, an adequate explanation. Carl Hempel was one of the most prominent philosophers of science in the twentieth century, and his covering law model, otherwise known as the deductive-nomological model, puts scientific explanations on the same reasoning footing as predictions; they are both deductive arguments. On the full understanding that science is not exclusive to natural sciences, for the purposes of this paper, I shall only discuss the formation and purpose of scientific explanations in one particular aspect of natural science, eclipses. According to Hempels deductive-nomological model, the explanation as to why eclipses occur can be reduced to a logical relationship between statements: the explanandum is a consequence of the explanans. This syllogistic method of reasoning forms the general law that eclipses occur when the Earth travels between the Sun and the Moon, and it requires an understanding of the fundamental scientific law that light always travels along straight lines. We can test the deduced general law on several occasions and under different circumstances, and it shall hold true for all trials. Implicitly, this means that scientific laws are not just tools to make predictions, but they are genuine statements that describe the world. Its accuracy allows us to extrapolate more general laws using the deduced law given its accuracy. Historical explanations may not allow such freedom in extrapolation, but the formation and purpose of one is quite similar to that of a scientific explanation, despite the rather widely held opinion is that in contrast to natural sciences, there exists no general laws in history which may govern the events. However, since well-established Causal laws are rarely found in history, laws in this field are sometimes regarded to as explanation sketches, which are vague and incomplete preliminary accounts leading to fully supported explanations like those in science. The formation of a historical explanation is largely based on the insight of the historian or social scientist. They formulate an analysis of the five elements involved in human actions which include aim, assessment of situation, choice of means, drive and context. A letter from the Vancouver School Board was recently issued to parents informing them of the school boards $7. 12 million funding deficit. Their aim prepare parents and students for any impact they might feel as a result of this deficit; their assessment is that a widespread knowledge of the budget may ease tension between parents valiantly pushing their children into already-cramped schools and the schools themselves; the drive is perhaps the desire of the trustee to keep their jobs; and the context is the declining enrollment, a provincial funding formula that does not fund annual cost increases and does not account for inflation. Many occurrences, past and present, may be explained this way, but events do not always turn out as planned, causing an explanation based on the insight of the researcher and the intent of the subject scrutinized may lack validity. One application of historical explanations is to foreshadow events, and to a certain extent, it gives warning while simultaneously achieving the role of reassurance. Most recently, there has been a rising anxiety in the economic situation of the world. Telltale signs of recession include a rise in unemployment, declining manufacturing output and declining personal incomes. Nevertheless, as countless people experience the implementations of the economic slump, there are those who do not see the need to be worried. Indeed, economic recessions and booms are components of a sine curve that inevitably turns down once in a while. In fact, there has been over seven recessions in the past 40 years, the longest of which lasted sixteen months and the shortest only six. People can rest assured that the world has been able to handle more severe recessions such as the one in the 1930s, and that the current one will peak into economic boom in due time.

Healthcare Marketing Example

Healthcare Marketing Example Healthcare Marketing – Coursework Example Ambien Advert Ambien This is a commonly used hypnotic drug in the USA. It is mainly used to combat insomnia. The ad is directed at the general adult American population. It transverses gender since it incorporates all patients suffering from sleep disorders. This is the appropriate target audience for Ambien. According to the website nearly half of Americans suffer from sleep problems (storykc.com/media/). Therefore, by targeting the adult American populace, the ad reaches its appropriate audience. Furthermore, the website is persuasive since it majorly focuses on the benefits of Ambien. It also clearly outlines its (Ambien) uses. Additionally, the website claims that the drug is highly effective in treating depression and anxiety disorders. The website is dedicated to the selling of health drugs. Consequently, it lists various types of drugs on its homepage alongside Ambien.The website does not provide the client with enough information to make an informed decision. It only aims at convincing the client to purchase the drugs by specifically focusing on the benefits of Ambien while ignoring its side effects or disadvantages. As such, the website does not list even a single disadvantage of the drug. In order for a patient to make an informed decision, he has to have access to the benefits and side effects of the drug. This vital concept is missing from the website. However, price information is available on the website. It lists that a single Ambien pill goes for 3.17 dollars. Lastly, the website has an FDA mark. This signifies that the drug being sold has been approved for human use. If I was suffering from insomnia, I would use the product in this ad .This is because it has been approved by the food and drug administration (FDA) agency. Furthermore, the product is deemed to be highly effective with curing insomnia.ReferencesRetrieved from storykc.com/media/

The influence of the neo-nazi party in modern america Essay

The influence of the neo-nazi party in modern america - Essay Example Today, numerous small Neo-Nazi parties are operating in America but majority of them carry out their functions in secrecy. The American Neo-Nazi groups target ethnic groups such as Asian Americans, Native Americans, Arab Americans, Jews, African American and hassle them. Homosexuals and Catholics are also targeted by the Neo-Nazis. In this paper, we will analyze the influence of Neo-Nazis parties in modern America. The Neo-Nazi parties, with their anti-Semitic and racist ideology, are threatening the harmonious existence of diverse cultures in America. American Neo-Nazis believe in the concept of nationalism based on racial or ethnic identities, and racial purity. They endeavor to prevent certain ethnic groups from residing in their country. They believe that a nation should consist of similar ethnic groups. So they discourage people belonging to other ethnic groups from assimilating into their national culture. In their attempt to restrict the immigration of these ethnic groups, some of these Neo-Nazi groups take to violent ways and spread hatred against these ethnic groups. As the American citizens are entitled to the freedom of speech, the American Neo-Nazi parties are allowed to express their ideology without any restraint. â€Å"In the USA, broad freedom of speech allows political organizations great latitude in expressing Nazi, racist or anti-Semitic ideology.†1. It is only after the members of Neo-Nazis turn violent or commit hate crimes that the government takes action against them. So the American Neo-Nazi parties express their hatred for people who do not belong to the ethnic group originated in their own country, and try to spread their message through demonstrations. The racist ideology that is spread among the people by the Neo-Nazi parties is resulting in hate crimes and racism. People are unwilling to accept persons belonging to other races as members of their society. They want to maintain their racial purity by avoiding

Medias Perception of Paris Hiltons Imprisonment Essay

Medias Perception of Paris Hiltons Imprisonment - Essay Example The unit of measure was established by reference to key words for searches. Media's reaction in the pre-serving period is referenced to: blacklash, her image, get rid of her & feeling sorry for her and post era referenced to exclusive story, interviews, appearances & celebrity status. Media channels, databases and key words which will be used for searches are presented in Table 1 Table 1 Media Type Examples of Media monitored Monitoring mechanism Keywords/Topics used for search Television National News programs Topic searched ABC News NBC News Pre-serving period: blacklash, her image, get rid of her & feeling sorry for her NationalMorning Programs Good Morning America Post era - exclusive story, interviews, appearances & celebrity status Magazines National Magazines Cosmopolitan Newsweek Databases Hilton files Media citations will be reviewed to determine that each broadcast or article has affected the perception of Paris Hilton positively has affected the perception of Paris Hilton negatively has not affected the perception of Paris Hilton A mass media log needs to be complied to establish the number of times each specific keyword was covered the total number of broadcasts or articles that appeared in May, June & July 2007 the content and characteristic of the media coverage as they related to the topics Findings During the 66 day monitoring period, number of media coverage exposures will need to be assessed. Of these exposures, the number of times each topics under references was covered will be established - from television, newspapers and databases. The analysis could be presented in a...As an actress, she has appeared in several minor roles, most notably in the horror film House of Wax (2005). Some of her more recognizable screen work has been alongside friend Nicole Richie in The Simple Life. In 2006, she released her debut self-titled album Paris. Hilton has since garnered notoriety as a result of several legal incidents, the repercussions of which have caused Hilton to serve time in a correctional institution in 2007 (Web Site: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia). Mass media content analysis is to be conducted in the periods from the day of announcement of her sentence until commencement of term and the post sentence period of further one month. There are 66 days in the study period. The unit of measure was established by reference to key words for searches. Media's reaction in the pre-serving period is referenced to: blacklash, her image, get rid of her & feeling sorry for her and post era referenced to exclusive story, interviews, appearances & celebrity status. During the 66 day monitoring period, number of media coverage exposures will need to be assessed. Of these exposures, the number of times each topics under references was covered will be established - from television, newspapers and databases. ANALYZING MEDIA MESSAGES Using Quantitative Content Analysis in Research Daniel Riffe Ohio University, Stephe

Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation Research Paper

Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation - Research Paper Example perform at the best possible level. This motivation could be innate or derived from external forces/functions, referred to as intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation, respectively. Level and/or intensity of these two types of motivation have an impact on individual’s commitment, interest, and ability to perform, learn and progress in all aspects of life, be it learning, working, or performing any other activity. Moreover, individuals are variably inclined towards extrinsic and intrinsic rewards. Extensive theorizing and research have pointed out that both these motivations are impacted by each other and that they either enhance or undermine impact of the other. This study explores this aspect of motivation while comparing and contrasting both types, with support derived from theories, researches and practical applications. Getting inspired by engaging in activities that produce excitement and challenge is a basic human nature and is one of the core routes towards human development (Sansone & Harackiewicz, 2000). The Cognitive Evaluation Theory explains intrinsic motivation as individual’s opinion or feeling and competence rather than an inner urge itself. Here the control and learning aspects emerge when rewards are attached to task accomplishment. The CET proposes that an individual’s intrinsic motivation is based on control and information. It proposes that if the individual’s locus of control lies outside, then intrinsic motivation is low and if it lies inside, then intrinsic motivation is high; secondly, if the individual has positive information of competence, knowledge, and/or stimulation, then intrinsic motivation is higher and vice versa (Weinberg, 2009). Traditionally, extrinsic rewards were considered as harmful because extrinsic motivation was compared with extrinsic pu nishment (Cameron & Pierce, 4). The CET theory forms the base for understanding intrinsic and extrinsic motivation as well as many arguments with respect to

National Geographic Essay Example for Free

National Geographic Essay The first website is the National Geographic (www.nationalgeographic.com), which is very diverse in terms of the topics it features and discusses on their site. It talks about the environment, humanity, history, entertainment, and travel. Due to the variety of topics, the website caters to everyone and anyone who seek reliable information. Five topics were researched including the brain, heart, skin, digestive system, and lungs. The search was very easy because the website has its search option where users can type what they are looking for and the website will generate the nearest results that it can find. Other topics can also be accessed with ease because the website features hyperlinks on the left side and on top, which are very easy to find. For the topics that were researched, images and graphics were available for users to understand the topic better. It also has a â€Å"Daily News† section, which features the latest news about the environment, space, and people. The website does not contain any grammatical errors and information are organized in such a way that they fall in the proper category. It also posts contact information so that users can contact the company if they want to research more or if they want to verify what they have learned. Considering that National Geographic is a known company with its own television channel, it is not hard for users to trust the content of its website. The website is very easy to navigate and it presents everything in such a way that users would not question the contents. For those who would use the website to research on educational topics, they would certainly find useful and accurate information because the National Geographic is known to conduct researches, documentaries, and studies. The company consults professionals and specialists to make sure that everything they post are correct and accurate. Wellness. com is a community for people who want to learn more about wellness and improve their lifestyles. It is also a place where people who have knowledge about wellness and healthy living can share what they know to those who want to obtain information. According to the website, it aims to create a place where people can obtain wellness information that can be trusted and used by everyone. In terms of evaluating the website for its accuracy and reliability, it can be said that the website can probably do better. Much of the information posted can be questioned because the authors are the members of the community and everyone just shares information with each other through the site’s forums. The members can post blogs about different topics, mostly about simple things like lying to get treatment for menopause, self-criticism, and breast cancer. The website has its search option that would return results from the site’s blogs and forums. Due to the importance of obtaining health-related information only from professionals, the website lists providers by category. Users are also given the option to search a provider by name. Information on health is categorized and listed alphabetically so that users do not have a hard time finding specific topics. It also offers wellness information for pets so that users who have pets have a place to gather information. Multimedia content is not available in this website and there are not much images featured. However, to compensate for its cons, the website has its contact page where people can contact the organization if they have any inquiries or recommendations. Overall, it is not a great place to obtain accurate information but it is a good place to find people who share the same experiences and thoughts. If a person wants to find a community to belong to in terms of wellness and health, then Wellness. com is the right place to go.

Engineering Ethics Essay

Engineering Ethics Essay Engineers tend to practice their profession as members of teams, led and managed by senior engineers who are employees, even though they also assume the role of employers in many aspects of their relationships with their juniors The more senior engineers tend to be concerned with the leadership and management of large resources of men, materials and finance over which they have control It is the juniors who are more involved in the detailed technical practice of the profession; and technical direction comes from middle levels of the organizational structure Management implies responsibility and in engineering management, the professional engineer is responsible in a very direct sense for control over the resources of the community Engineering therefore, is a unique profession in which all of the marks of the professional man have crucial importance: he must have high-level skills and he must develop different skills as his career advances he must have a strong motivation for service because everything he does impinges on the community in some way or other The whole community is the ultimate client rather than the individual clients as in the case with other professions 2.2 Ethics and Professionalism Engineering is closely involved in human relations and in business and commerce A great many of the special problems in personal conduct met by engineers are likely to arise from this fact Ethics means something more than law and morals , it carries an additional connotation of rightness The Code is a statement of the principles of rightness, of broad scope and with enough detail to enable an intelligent man to deduce for himself the course of his own professional conduct The essence of all professional codes is that the professional man must be worthy, through his conduct, of the trust placed in him by the community and his colleagues To act every situation in a manner that will add to the confidence and esteem in which his profession is held by the community A profession is no better than its individual members. If they do not have the professional attitude and live by the rules of the profession, they have no profession Most professional engineers adopt an institutional view of the organizations of the profession: deserving, even requiring, the loyalty of each engineer as an expression of his identity as a professional engineer organizations are the manifestation of the professional entity and they require the giving of effort, loyalty and financial support without thought to direct personal gain Instrumental view of the professional organizations: support is given, sometimes grudgingly, on the basis of an expected return in some tangible form The instrumental view should have no place in the value system of the man who aspires to true professional status 2.3 Engineers and Society We are responsible for our own image If we want the public to appreciate our work then we must first do an excellent job We must be aware of technological advancements, be designers instead of users and get involved in research and development We have the brains, the technology and the expertise, we just need effort and commitment from ourselves Engineers provide not only the necessary human resources for the infrastructure development of a country but also important devices necessary for the welfare of the public Engineers yield a degree of influence over formulators of policies and decision makers. If this influence is based on the self-interests of individuals or a minority in which case the interests and welfare of the wider community becomes of secondary importance. Corruption is an extreme example of this Because of the significance and influence of professionals in society, the value systems which govern their lives and attitudes are needless to say, of great importance By professional ethics or professionalism, one is referring to a philosophy of work that values and emphasizes the positive qualities in a job or occupation One would also need to consider the wider implications of ones occupation in social and moral contexts 2.4 Code of Ethics In every profession, there are various sets of positive qualities. One, a universal set of qualities which pertain to any job or occupation like dedication, diligence and honesty A second set of positive qualities are those which are particular to the job or occupation at hand The third category is professional ethics and this is the category of social and moral awareness of the implication or effects of ones job on the wider community and environment Ethics Ethics is the study of morality. It studies which actions, goals, principles, policies, and laws are morally justified It refers to moral values that are sound, actions that are morally required (right) or morally permissible (all right), policies and laws that are desirable Accordingly, engineering ethics consists of the responsibilities and rights that ought to be endorsed by those engaged in engineering, and also of desirable ideals and personal commitments in engineering Engineering ethics is the study of the decisions, policies, and values that are morally desirable in engineering practice and research Morality concerns respect for persons, both others and ourselves It involves being fair and just, meeting obligations and respecting rights, and not causing unnecessary harm by dishonesty and cruelty In addition, it involves ideals of character, such as integrity, gratitude, and willingness to help people in severe distress And it implies minimizing suffering to animals and damage to the environment As related to engineering ethics, these skills include the following: Moral awareness : proficiency in recognizing moral problems and issues in engineering Cogent moral reasoning : Comprehending, clarifying, and assessing arguments on opposing sides of moral issues Moral coherence: Forming consistent and comprehensive viewpoints based upon a consideration of relevant facts Moral imagination : Discerning alternative responses to moral issues and receptivity to creative solutions for practical difficulties Moral communication: Precision in the use of a common ethical language, a skill needed to express and support ones moral views adequately to others Moral reasonableness: The willingness and ability to be morally reasonable Respect for persons: Genuine concern for the well-being of others as well as oneself Tolerance of diversity: Within a broad range, respect for ethnic and religious differences, and acceptance of reasonable differences in moral perspectives Moral hope: Enriched appreciation of the possibilities of using rational dialogue in resolving moral conflicts Integrity : Maintaining moral integrity, and integrating ones professional life and personal convictions. 2.4.2 Meanings of Responsibility Obligations. Responsibilities are obligations-types of actions that are morally mandatory. Some obligations are incumbent on each of us, such as to be honest, fair, and decent Other obligations are role responsibilities, acquired when we take on special roles such as parents, employees, or professionals Accountable Being responsible means accountable. This means having the general capacities for moral agency, including the capacity to understand and act on moral reasons It also means being answerable for meeting particular obligations, that is, liable to be held to account by other people in general or by specific individuals in positions of authority We can be called upon to explain why we acted as we did, perhaps providing a justification or perhaps offering reasonable excuses Wrongdoing takes two primary forms: voluntary wrongdoing and negligence Voluntary actions occur when we knew what we were doing was wrong and we were not coerced Some voluntary wrongdoing is recklessness, that is, flagrant disregard of known risks and responsibilities Other voluntary wrongdoing is due to weakness of will, whereby we give in to temptation or fail to try hard enough Negligence occurs when we unintentionally fail to exercise due care in meeting responsibilities. We might not have known what we were doing, but we should have Conscientious Morally admirable engineers accept their obligations and are conscientious in meeting them. They diligently try to do the right thing, and they largely succeed in doing so, even under difficult circumstances 2.4.3 KEY CONCEPTS Ethical dilemmas, or moral dilemmas : situations in which reasons, conflict, or in which the application of moral values is problematic, and it is not immediately obvious what should be done Steps in resolving ethical dilemmas : (1) Moral clarity : Identify the relevant moral values (2) Conceptual clarity (3) Informed about the facts. Obtain relevant information (4) Informed about the options: Consider all genuine options (5) Well-reasoned: Make a reasonable decision Right-wrong, better-worse: Some ethical dilemmas have solution that are either right (obligatory) or wrong (morally forbidden); other dilemmas have more that one permissible solution, some of which are better or worse that others either in some respects or overall 2.4.4 Importance of codes of ethics Codes of ethics state the moral responsibilities of engineers as seen by the profession and as represented by a professional society Because they express the professions collective commitment to ethics, codes are important in stressing engineers responsibilities and also the freedom to exercise them The essential roles of codes of ethics: (1) serving and protecting the public (2) providing guidance (3) offering inspiration (4) establishing shared standards (5) contributing to education (6) deterring wrongdoing (7) strengthening a professions image 2.5 Regulations on professional conducts All professional groups have two main characteristics: (1) Professionals in the same discipline institutionalize themselves into a professional body with recognized standards of academic and practice qualifications for membership. (2) The professional body has a Code of Ethics to govern the conduct of its members and disciplinary procedures in the event of breach of such Code. When we speak of a Code of Ethics, we are not talking about law In the Code of Ethics, our concern is with what is morally right or wrong Situations which require the Professional Engineer to consider the morality of his actions arise under circumstances in which they may exist conflict of interest between the individual professional and any or all of the entities with which he has to interact i.e. Community, Employer, Clients and/or Peers The professional owes a duty of care towards those he serves in ensuring that their interests are protected, and in this respect, there is a guideline which is what the Code of Ethics is all about The three Professional Engineering bodies in Malaysia have complementary functions in the regulation of professional conduct All three bodies have their own Code of Ethics designed to suit their specific requirements according to the objectives for which each body is constituted IEM Code of Ethics The Code of Ethics of IEM, lays down general guidelines for the conduct of members vis-Ã  -vis his relationships and transactions with: (1) The community (2) The Employer (3) Clients (4) Peers The IEM Regulations on Professional Conduct tend to be general because the IEM comprises a very wide cross-section of engineering disciplines as well as types of professional employment and businesses IEM Code embraces many areas involving moral and philosophical considerations including public safety and health, conservation of resources and environment, upgrading of technology, assuming responsibility within ones competence The IEM code also includes the dos and donts in the conduct of affairs between Engineer and employee, clients and peers While the dos and donts are clear cut and easily understood, the moral and philosophical issues can be subject to various interpretation Board of Engineers Code of Professional Conduct Under Section 15 of the Engineers Act 1967, the Board may order the cancellation of the registration of any engineer, if:- (1) he is guilty of fraud, dishonesty or moral turpitude; (2) he accepts illicit commission; (3) he fails to disclose to his client any vested financial interest in his dealings with the client This Code of Professional Conduct has the force of law and breach of any of the rules embodied in the BEM code may subject the offender to penalties provided for under the Engineers Act including the ultimate penalty of de-registration Therefore, in viewing the role of the BEM as a regulating body, its power to act in law must be taken into account BEM code can at best distinguish between what is legal and what is not, and may be regarded as the baseline or minimum level of ethics that ought to be maintained All the rules in the Code except two consist of clear cut Dos and Donts These rules concern what an Engineer shall or shall not do in the course of his employment or private practice and are extremely clear cut and unambiguous All these rules are concerned with the prevention of situations which may possibly give rise to conflict of interest between the Engineer, his employer or his clients The other two, Rule No. 25 and 26, are more abstract and tend towards issues of morality which may have no useful function in law simply because they are subjective and unenforceable Association of Consulting Engineers, Malaysia (ACEM) The affairs of the ACE are governed by their memorandum and articles of association The Association of Consulting Engineers has prescribed rules in their memorandum and articles of association and these rules are more specific to Engineers who practice as Consultants The ACE Code of Ethics is enunciated under the heading Duties of Members as set out in Articles 16 to 27 of their articles of association A study of these articles will reveal that when it comes to practice matters, the ACE has gone to great lengths to be more specific and detailed than either the BEM or IEM, and have laid down some clear and strict rules This is due to a Consulting Engineers excessive involvement in business or other commercial ventures, especially those which are of a nature related to his practice The ACE Code is designed for areas like, advertising and promotion of works, fees and other remuneration, competition with other members, submission of bids or proposals and related subjects. As for moral and philosophical issues, it is covered by Rule 16 which reads: Every member, in his responsibility to his clients and the profession, shall have full regard to these rules, to the rules of the professional Institution or Institutions to which he belongs and to the public interest. Code of ACE places an onerous duty on its members to conform to both the IEM and BEM Codes as well as their own specific rules governing the conduct of Consulting Engineering business 2.6 Applying global ethics in engineering organizations Globalization refers to the increasing integration of nations through trade, investment, transfer of technology, and exchange of ideas and culture Global interdependency affects engineering and engineers in many ways as in multinational corporations where moral challenges arises: Who loses jobs at home when manufacturing is taken offshore? What does the host country lose in resources, control over its own trade, and political independence? What are the moral responsibilities of corporations and individuals operating in less economically developed countries? Technology transfer is the process of moving technology to a novel setting and implementing it there Technology includes both hardware(machines and installations) and technique (technical, organizational, and managerial skills and procedures) A novel setting is any situation containing at least one new variable relevant to the success or failure of a given technology: example, the setting may be a foreign country Appropriate technology refers to identification, transfer, and implementation of the most suitable technology for a new set of conditions and it includes social factors Case study: BHOPAL Union Carbide in 1984 operated in 37 host countries in addition to its home country, USA On Dec.3rd, 1984, the operators of Union Carbides plant in Bhopal, India became alarmed by a leak and overheating in a storage tank The tank contained methyl isocyanate (MIC), a toxic ingredients used in pesticides Within 1 hour, the leak exploded that sent 40 tons of deadly gas into the atmosphere This is the worst industrial accident in history: 500,000 persons exposed to the gas 2500 to 3000 deaths within a few days 10,000 permanently disabled 100,000 to 200,000 injured 10 years later, 12,000 death claims and 870,000 personal injury claims had been submitted only $90 million of Union Carbides settlement had been distributed What went wrong? The disaster was caused by a combination of extremely lax safety procedures, gross judgment errors by local plant operators, and possible sabotage with unintended consequences Greater sensitivity to social factors was needed in transferring chemical technology to a country foreign to the supplier of the technology Government of India required the Bhopal plant to be operated entirely by Indian workers Union Carbide at first trained the plant personnel in its West Virginia plant US engineers make regular on-site safety inspections In 1982, financial pressures relinquish its supervision of safety at the plant 2 years later, safety practices eroded: personnel problems: high turnover of employees failure to properly train new employees low technical preparedness of local labour pool workers handling pesticides learned from personal experience than from safety manuals even after suffering chest pains vomiting, they fail to wear safety gloves and masks due to high temperature a result of lack of air-conditioning Move away from US standards(contrary to Carbides written policies) to lower Indian standards Extreme hazards: Tanks storing the MIC gas were overloaded (manual specifies that tanks must not be filled > 60%:extra space needed in emergencies to dilute the gas Standby tank was not empty for use as an emergency dump Tanks were supposed to be refrigerated but refrigeration was shut down to cut cost making the tank temperature 3 to 4 times what they should have been Sabotage: A disgruntled employee unscrewed a pressure gauge and inserted a hose into it not realizing that it would cause immense damage Negligence: A new worker was to flush out some pipes filters. He closed the valves but failed to insert the safety disks to back up the valves in case they leaked. He knew that valves leaked but did not check for leaks: It was not my job! The safety disks were the responsibility of the maintenance dept., and the position of second-shift supervisor had been eliminated By the time they noticed a gauge showing mounting pressure and began to feel the sting of leaking gas, their emergency procedures were unavailable: A venting gas scrubber to neutralize the gas was shut down because it was assumed to be unnecessary during times when production was suspended Flare tower to burn off escaping gas missed by the scrubber was inoperable because a section of the pipe connecting it to the tank was being repaired Workers sprayed water 100 ft to the air but the stack was 120 ft Within 2 hours , most of the chemicals had escaped and form a deadly cloud over hundreds of thousands of people in Bhopal There were thousands of squatters in the areas surrounding the plant with hopes to find employment as well to take advantage of available electricity and water None of the squatters had been officially informed of the danger posed by the chemicals produced next door to them No emergency drills No evacuation plans What are the moral responsibilities of multinational corporations like Union Carbide? Ethical relativism: the view that actions are morally right within a particular society when they are approved by law, custom etc. This is false because it might excuse moral horrors, ex: it would justify low standards if that were all a country requires Ethical absolutism: retains precisely the same practices endorsed at home, never making any adjustments to a new culture This is also false because it fails to take account of many variable facts Ethical relationalism: the view that moral judgments are contextual in that they are made in relation to a wide variety of factors including the customs of other cultures 2.7 Technology and the work ethics Technology : Value-neutral or value-laden? Value-neutral : says that technology consists of artifacts or devices -machines,tools, structures perhaps together with knowledge about how to make and maintain devices Value-laden : says that technology consists of value-guided organizations and general approaches, in addition to artifacts and knowledge Technological determinism is the view that the primary structures of human society are determined by technology, rather than human beings controlling technology Social constructionism is the view that emphasizes 2 way causal interactions between technology and society highlights the importance of human perceptions interpretations An example: automobile It is a necessity but the effects include the depletion of world oil supplies, pollution and deaths(accidents) If technology dramatically influences us, we also shape the directions of technology Another example : Tomato harvester- plucks and sorts tomatoes with a single pass. Cost of harvesting tomatoes was reduced. But jobs were lost, small growers forced out of business. Funding to develop new technology comes from the taxpayers Engineers need to understand how their work affects public life As managers, entrepreneurs, consultants government officials, engineers provide many form of leadership that should include moral leadership in developing and implementing technology within their professions communities Moral leadership is the success in moving a group toward morally desirable goals using morally desirable procedures